{"id":350,"date":"2024-06-09T06:45:18","date_gmt":"2024-06-09T06:45:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/en\/?p=350"},"modified":"2024-07-03T05:49:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T05:49:52","slug":"corruption-challenges-and-corruption-control-strategies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930: \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6\" >\u092c\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82\" >\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82\" >\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_Consequences_of_Corruption\" >\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e (Consequences of Corruption)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\" >\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0941<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF\" >\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upasachib.com\/ne\/archives\/350\/#%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\" >\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6\"><\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0964 \u092f\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0916\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0926\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0915\u094b \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u092e\u093e \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b, \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0935\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82\"><\/span>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0939\u0930\u0942<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0928\u094d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0918\u0942\u0938\u0916\u094b\u0930\u0940 (Bribery)<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094b \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0940\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0940, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0928\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0928\u0948 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0918\u0942\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0918\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0932\u093e (Embezzlement)<\/strong>: \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0916\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0926\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0938\u0948\u0915\u094b \u0939\u0947\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0939\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094b \u0930\u0915\u092e \u0935\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0930\u0915\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u0940 (Fraud)<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u094b \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0932\u0947 \u0927\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0919, \u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0939\u0930\u0942 (unearned benefits) \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091c\u092c\u0930\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 (Extortion)<\/strong>: \u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e \u0927\u092e\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f, \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0931\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0927\u092e\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Nepotism)<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094b \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092b\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e \u0928\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u091f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b \u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 (public trust) \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Patronage)<\/strong>: \u0915\u0941\u0928\u0948 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u092e\u093e, \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u0935\u092b\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0935 (Conflict of Interest)<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u091c\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0926\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0919 (Money Laundering)<\/strong>: \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0919 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928\u0915\u094b \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (complex sequence of banking transfers) \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u092c\u093e\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (origins of money) \u0932\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u094b \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82\"><\/span>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Grand Corruption)<\/strong>: \u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0939\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0920\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0930 \u0920\u0942\u0932\u093e-\u0920\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Petty Corruption)<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0930\u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0915\u094b \u0924\u0932\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0924\u0939\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u091b\u0928\u094d \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0918\u0942\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Political Corruption)<\/strong>: \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0916\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u092a\u0926\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0921\u092b\u093e\u0901\u0921\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_Consequences_of_Corruption\"><\/span>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e (Consequences of Corruption)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 (Economic Costs)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b, \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937 (public funds) \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942 (Social Costs)<\/strong>: \u0938\u092c\u0948\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e \u092c\u0922\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 <span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"ne\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0930 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0930 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b \u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0916\u0932\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 (Political Costs)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b, \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092b\u0926\u0947\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942 (Environmental Costs)<\/strong>: \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e (regulations are bypassed or ignored) \u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u00a0 \u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0916\u0928\u0928 \u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923\u0915\u094b (illegal logging, mining, and pollution) \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81\"><\/span>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0941<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u091b\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b, \u0938\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u092e\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0928\u094d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Economic Impact)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0930 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 (inefficiencies) \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b, \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u00a0\u0905\u0930\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0941\u092e\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e (Social Inequality)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c \u0930 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d, \u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0948\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e \u092c\u0922\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0928\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0940 \u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0915\u094b \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e (perpetuating cycles of poverty and marginalization) \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e (Political Instability)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 ( destabilize political systems) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908\u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928, \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b, \u091c\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e \u0905\u0936\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 (Environmental Degradation)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0922\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092e\u0924\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u092e\u093e \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0916\u0928\u0928 \u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b \u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Organized Crime and Terrorism)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0930 \u0939\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0938\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0916\u093e \u091a\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u091e\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0932\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF\"><\/span>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930 \u0932\u0921\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0928\u094d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Strengthening Institutions):<\/strong> \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092c\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947, \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Legal Frameworks):<\/strong> \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0918\u0941\u0938\u0916\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0919 \u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 \u0915\u0921\u093e \u0926\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0939\u0930\u0942 (stringent penalties) \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0930 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092b\u0926\u0947\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e (Transparency and Accountability):<\/strong> \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932 (open data initiatives), \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 (financial disclosures) \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942 (Accountability mechanisms) \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e(whistleblower protections) \u092a\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e (Public Participation)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915\u094b \u0932\u0921\u093e\u0908\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0930 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092b\u0926\u0947\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u091c\u0928\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 (Public awareness campaigns), \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 (citizen reporting mechanisms) \u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0932\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 (participatory governance models) \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0916\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0930 \u0928\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Technology and Innovation)<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u0908-\u0917\u092d\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942, \u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0932\u0947 (blockchain technology) \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928\u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (traceability of transactions) \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 (International Cooperation)<\/strong>: \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093f (UNCAC) \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0917\u0940 \u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Ethical Leadership and Education)<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 (ethical leadership) \u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0915\u094b (integrity ) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091b\u0964 \u092f\u094b \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (ethics training), \u0906\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e (codes of conduct) \u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 (integrity pacts) \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0928\u0948\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0922\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7\"><\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0948 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0909\u091f\u093e \u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 (formidable challenge) \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0964 \u0924\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092c\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f, \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u092c\u093e\u091f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092d\u0935 \u091b \u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0917\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092a\u0928\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u092c\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0964 \u092f\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0916\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0926\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0915\u094b \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u092e\u093e \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b, \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u093e&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":357,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-union-public-service-commission"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain to 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